Africa's Jurassic Park

Though Spinosaurus has a superstar among dinosaurs (thanks, in part to Jurassic Park III and Paul Sereno's aquatic restoration of this animal proposed in 2014), few other dinosaurs from this continent receive half as much exposure. About a decade before Ernst Stromer described this bizarre theropod, however, other German paleontologists like Eberhard Fraas and Werner Janensch uncovered a host of amazing new dinosaurs from the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania (then the colony of German East Africa). The largest of these was Giraffatitan, known as "Brachiosaurus brancai" until the 2000s. Its skeleton at the Museum fur Natürkunde in Berlin stands over 40 feet high and remains the most complete of any large brachiosaur.

Despite the sheer size of this sauropod, Kentrosaurus is easily the Tendaguru Formation's stand-out dinosaur. It was smaller but thornier cousin of Stegosaurus, and according to a 2011 study by Heinrich Mallison, a single swipe of the tail would have been more than enough to crack open a human skull. Like many other dinosaurs, Kentrosaurus is believed to have had a much thicker tail than previously thought (thanks to a 2010 paper by Phil Currie and W. Scott Parsons). In addition to the animal's rear anatomy as a whole, this drawing is intended to reflect that idea, as well as the discovery of small osteoderms in other stegosaurs.

One of Kentrosaurus' contemporaries was Dicraeosaurus, an oddity among Late Jurassic sauropods in that A) it was less than 50 feet long, B) it had an unusually short neck and C) an strangely high spine. To emphasize this latter feature, I gave my Dicraeosaurus bright markings along its back, drawing inspiration from the Malagasy rainbow frog (albeit without the blue). Since the skull of the Berlin mount is quite obviously a plastic cast based on Diplodocus, I chose to draw this copy rather than reconstruct the actual head.

Theropods are also known from the Tendaguru Formation, including the early spinosaur Ostafrikasaurus and the carcharodontosaur Veterupristisaurus. Since neither is known from a good skeleton yet, however, I chose to portray an equally mysterious theropod from the site.

Like Dicraeosaurus, Elaphrosaurus is also mounted at the Museum für Naturkunde as a half-bone, half-cast skeleton. Growing up, it was also portrayed as an early, carnivorous ancestor to the toothless ornithomimosaurs. In recent years, however, paleontologists have come to regard it as a ceratosaur -- possibly a large relative of the short-armed, ostrich-like Limusaurus. which was running around China about this time. My sketch of Elaphrosaurus is meant to wed this idea with the museum's current mount, implying that the animal was a long-legged herbivorous theropod rather than the dinosaur equivalent of the cheetah. 

Crazy Arms

When I was boy, one of the greatest mysteries about dinosaurs for me was "who owned the biggest arms of all time?". This question revolved around not one, but two theropod dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous Mongolia: Deinocheirus and Therizinosaurus. For decades, both were known from nothing but a pair of menacing arms, each measuring about eight feet long. Each seemed to belong to jumbo-sized killer theropod, dwarfing and capable of ripping a T. rex to pieces.

Then, in 2001, the Discovery Channel program When Dinosaurs Roamed America aired, and I (along with countless other paleofans, I'm sure) was introduced to a therizinosaur for the first time in the form of Nothronychus. It was a herbivore North American predecessor to its family's namesake that, in the words of narrator John Goodman, "[looked] like a half-plucked turkey and [walked] like a potbellied bear". While it mostly used its arms pull down high branches, Nothronychus at one point used them to smack down an attacking dromaeosaur. Though we have few Therizinosaurus fossils outside of its arms, the image of these dinosaurs as the archosaur version of ground sloths has been cemented by the discovery of other therizinosaurs (particularly the much earlier Beipiaosaurus and Alxasaurus), as well as the portrayal of these animals in subsequent paleo docudramas like Chasing by Dinosaurs: The Giant Claw (featuring Therizinosaurus meeting Nigel Marven) and Planet Dinosaur (featuring Nothronychus again).

And what about Deinocheirus? This contemporary of Therizinosaurus turned out to be stranger still: Paleontologists had long suspected that it was an overgrown ornithomimosaur, based on the similar arms and claws (which were too blunt to be instruments of death). Based on two headless specimens in storage at a Mongolian museum and a skull smuggled into Europe, Deinocheirus a bulky, hump-backed herbivore with a head more like a hadrosaur than an ornithomimosaur. Like Therizinosaurus, it too was a colossal plant-eating theropod that was probably covered in feathers.

While both probably confronted Tarbosaurus, a close cousin to T. rex known from the same bone bed as each, I do wonder if they ever competed for same leaves and branches with one another, indirectly as a species or directly (and perhaps violently) as individuals.

Tylosaurus' Troublesome Tummy

While non-avian dinosaurs were my gateway to science and remain my favorite prehistoric creatures, I've developed an appreciation for other extinct animal groups, including ichthyosaurs, mammoths, terror birds, and notosuchians. Lately, I've been fascinated by mosasaurs, and not just thanks to Jurassic World. While I grew up with images of green, ridge-backed leviathans that tussled with serpentine plesiosaurs and snatched pterosaurs from the sky, I'm much more intrigued with mosasaurs as depicted now, in light of recent discoveries about their tail anatomy (which now includes a sickle-shaped tail), skin color (which in some was black on top and white on bottom), and birthing methods (live underwater birth, like ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and cetaceans).

With that in mind, I set out to depict the largest, most famous -- er, the most famous mosasaur after Mosasaurus, Tylosaurus.

While sketching the beasts' skull was no cakewalk, the thing that gave me the most trouble was capturing the underside of the mosasaur in the flesh. The skeletal mount I used looked fantastic, peering down on visitors like Smaug over Bilbo Baggins in the second Hobbit film; in retrospect, however, Tylosaurus may not have been flexible enough to assume this undulating pose. This made capturing the animal's tummy a nightmare, with constant erasures and redrawing of borders.

In the end, I settled with the boundaries established in the draft on the left, and tried to make the proximity of each body segment as clear as possible with different degrees of shading, but I still feel the drawing could have been much better if I had gotten the underside right.

2015 in Mesozoic Paleontology

To cap off the year, I recently did another paneled, less serious drawing, this time celebrating the new (and old, in one case) Mesozoic fauna described this year:

January: Nundasuchus, a Early Triassic archosaur from Tanzania (hence the safari sign).

February: Ichthyosaurus anningae, a new species of Ichthyosaurus. Uncovered by Mary Anning, but was long mistaken for a plaster cast.

March: Metoposaurus algarvensis, a new species of the amphibian Metoposaurus from Early Triassic Portugal.

April: Brontosaurus, a re-established genus long considered synonymous with Apatosaurus.
May: Yi, a bat-winged, feathered theropod from Late Jurassic China.

June: Regaliceratops, a chasmosaurine ceratopsian from Late Cretaceous Alberta.

July: Wendiceratops, a centrosaurine ceratopsian from Late Cretaceous Alberta.

August: Gueragama, a mid-Cretaceous lizard from Brazil closely related to modern iguanas.

September: Ugrunaaluk, a Late Cretaceous hadrosaur from Alaska. The northmost non-avian dinosaur ever discovered.

October: Spinolestes, an Early Cretaceous mammal from Spain preserved with quill-like hair imprints.

November: Dakotaraptor, a Late Cretaceous dromaeosaur from South Dakota. Lived alongside Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops.
 
December: Kunbarrasaurus, an Early Cretaceous ankylosaur from Australia (hence the aurora australis).

Animalia Transalphabetica

Top Row (from left): Iraq (Malawania), China (Gigantoraptor, Tuojiangosaurus, Changchengornis, Mamenchisaurus, Qianzhousaurus), Egypt (Paralititan), Algeria (Carcharodontosaurus)

Middle Row: Israel (Tanystropheus), Japan (Phosphorosaurus), South Korea (Koreanosaurus), Russia (Liopleurodon)

Left Corner: India (Sanajeh)

Right Corner: Thailand (Siamosaurus)

As I've gone through my black dinosaur sketchbook, I've tried not just to cover a wide range of animals, but a wide range of animals from a wide range of places. While China, Mongolia, Argentina, and the western United States and Canada are inevitably represented by legions of colossal sauropods, tiny-to-titanic theropods, and ceratopsians great and small, I've also featured stegosaurs from Portugal, hadrosaurs from Italy and Russia, amphibians from Australia and Kazakhstan, and pterosaurs from Brazil.

Another idea that inspired this drawing was an insight by my college studio drawing professor: "Your signature and handwriting is a form of drawing." With that in mind, I decided to write out (or rather, draw) how these genera's names would be written out in their country of discovery. Initially, the United Kingdom was to be represented by Megalosaurus or Iguanodon, but I ultimately opted to use non-Phoenician alphabets, and use Arabic characters for both Arabic and Kurdish, the language from which Malawania's name comes.

Speaking of Malawania, initially its place would have been filled by the pterosaur Alanqa, representing Morocco. At some point, however, I opted to use the Iraqi ichthyosaur instead, but neglected to replace the name before drawing it (hence the smudge around the name). Another decision that informed choice of Iraq (as well as Algeria) instead of Morocco was that the latter's flag is much less striking (being a red flag with small green pentagram that would probably be covered by its ambassador animal).

Rather than listing all the dinosaurs representing China, I just wrote the traditional Chinese characters for "Too many to name". 

Sanajeh is written "ancient gape" in Sanskrit, its meaning in its language of origin. The same practice was used to transcribe Tanystropheus from Greek to Hebrew.

With each of the flags, it was important to capture the right color tone. I used different reds for the Iraqi flag's top band, most of China's flag, and the bottom of band of Russia's flag. I also used a darker red for Korea's flag than Japan's.

The one exception to flag backgrounds, of course, is Paralititan, represented in writing within an ancient Egyptian cartouche ("cartridge", the oblong shape that surrounds important people's names) and against the Great Pyramids at sunset.

One of the greatest joys and challenges of drawing dinosaurs is guessing their color patterns. Ultimately, however, I decided to keep the animals uncolored, in order to draw more attention to the countries' flags and respective scripts.

Frontier Ceratopsians

For most of the time that we've known about them, large ceratopsians seemed to be limited to North America. Smaller species were more widespread, inhabiting both North America and Asia, but were scarce elswhere. Overall the past five years, however, ceratopsian fossils have come in new shapes as well as from new places:

1. Ajkaceratops - 2010 - Hungary, 86-84 million B.C.E

2. Turanoceratops - 1989 - Uzbekistan, 90 million B.C.E.

3. Sinoceratops - 2010 - China, 72-66 million B.C.E.

4. Pachyrhinosaurus (perotorum) - 2012 - Alaska, 70-69 million B.C.E. (northmost ceratopsian and latest Pachyrhinosaurus species)

5. Koreaceratops - 2011 - South Korea, 103 million B.C.E.

6. Coahuilaceratops - 2010 - Mexico, 72.5-71 million B.C.E. (southmost large ceratopsian) 

The range ceratopsians inhabited may have gone even further: Two possible ceratopsians called Notoceratops and Serendipaceratops were identified from fragmentary bones in Argentina and Australia, respectively.

The Doom of Giants

Many of the largest mammals alive today are also among the most vulnerable. For the past three centuries, wildlife populations of African elephants, blue whales, giant pandas, and all species of tigers, rhinos, and gorillas have been hobbled both by habitat loss and human hunting (both for sport and resources of dubious real value like ivory). 

This phenomenon isn't limited to human times. Bus-sized nautiloids, 20-foot armored fish, gorgonopsids, sauropods, and basilosaurid cetaceans were all the biggest animals of their world and all were obliterated forever in mass extinctions at the end of the Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Cretaceous, and Eocene, respectively.

While my output for endangered mammal drawings have slowed down of late, I did manage to draw two threatened giants in October that I've yet to post here:

Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)
Current Range: Ujung Kulon National Park, westernmost Java, Indonesia
Conservation Status: Critically endangered (58-61 as of March 2015)

Northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis)
Current Range: From the east coast of Florida to the North Sea
Conservation Status: Endangered

Incidentally, pick up A Dynasty of Dinosaurs! It's an amazing dinosaur coloring book for more mature artists by paleontologists Jason Poole and Jason Schein. Here's a set of pages I've been coloring in lately:

While I'm not of the identity of each sauropod here, I know that number 2 (if we follow their heads left to right) is Amargasaurus, and I'm pretty sure that numbers 1, 5, 7, and 9 are Nigersaurus, Saltasaurus, Plateosaurus, and Lessemsaurus, respectively. Numbers 4 and 8 are almost certainly super-sized titanosaurs (possibly Dreadnoughtus and/or Paralititan?), while 3 and 6 are likely diplodocoids (Rebbachisaurus and Suuwassea, perhaps?).

In any case, great job Jasons!